Adverb Clauses of Contrast/Concession (Mệnh đề tương phản/nhượng bộ):

Mệnh đề tươn phản là dạng câu có hai vế trái ngược nhau về một khía cạnh nào đó.

Các trạng từ tương phản dùng để liên kết hai mệnh đề:

- Although/ Though : mặc dù

- In spite of/ Despite : mặc dù

- However/ Nevertheless: Tuy nhiên

- But:  nhưng

Form:

(a)    Although + S1 + V1 ...., S2 + V2 ..... =  S2 + V2.... although + S1 + V1....

(b) = S1 + V1 ..... However/ Nevertheless, S2 + V2 ......

(c) = In spite of/ Despite +  V-ing ..../ the + (Adj) + N _­+ S2 + V2 ....

(d) = In spite of/ Despite the fact that + S1 + V1 ..., S2 + V2 ....

Lưu ý:

+ Ở cấu trúc (c) dùng Ving nếu S1 = S2, 

                          dùng the + (Adj) + N nếu S1 # S2 và xuất hiện Adj, N.

+ Cấu trúc a=b=c=d
+ Cấu trúc a,c,d có thể thay đổi ví trí trước sau.

VD: They got up late. They arrived at the meeting on time.

=> Although they got up late, they arrived at the meeting on time. (a)

=> They got up late. However, they arrived at the meeting on time (b)

=> In spite of getting up late, they arrived at the meeting on time (c)

=> Despite the fact that they got up late, they arrived at the meeting on time (d).

VD2: I went out with my friends. The weather was very cold.

=> Although the weather was very cold, I went out with my friends.

=> The weather was very cold. However, I went out with my friends.

(c) =>  I went out with my friends in spite of the very cold weather.

=> I went out with my friends in spite of the fact that the weather was very cold

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